|
The Indian Civil Service (ICS) for part of the 19th century officially known as the Imperial Civil Service, was the élite higher civil service of the British Empire in British India during British rule in the period between 1858 and 1947. Its members were appointed under Section XXXII of the Government of India Act 1858,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/india/ics.htm )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.historytoday.com/ann-ewing/administering-india-indian-civil-service )〕 enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.〔Blunt, (1937)〕 The ICS was headed by the Secretary of State for India, a member of the British cabinet. At first almost all the top 1,000 members of the ICS, known as "Civilians", were British, and had been educated in the best British schools. By 1905 5 per cent were from Bengal. In 1947 there were 322 Indians and 688 British members; most of the latter left at the time of partition and independence.〔Surjit Mansingh, ''The A to Z of India'' (2010), pp 288-90〕 Until the 1930s the Indians in the service were very few and were not given high posts by the British. Wainwright notes that by the mid-1880s, "the basis of racial discrimination in the sub-continent had solidified". At the time of the birth of India and Pakistan in 1947, the outgoing Government of India's ICS was divided between India and Pakistan. Although these are now organised differently, the contemporary Civil Services of India and the Pakistan Civil Service are both descended from the old Indian Civil Service. Historians often rate the ICS, together with the railway system, the legal system, and the Indian Army, as among the most important legacies of British rule in India.〔Ramesh Kumar Arora and Rajni Goyal, ''Indian public administration: institutions and issues'' (1995) p. 42; Ranbir Vohra, ''The making of India: a historical survey'' (2001) p 185〕 ==Civil service== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Indian Civil Service (British India)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|